Psychology The Mind And Behavior - 1749 Words

Psychology, the study of the mind and behavior, has had a tremendous impact on our world. It has changed our thinking and understanding of the behavior of those around us and of ourselves. Over the years, Psychology has had many changes and developments, and many influential people and experiments have popped up. Psychology has gone from simply blaming all behavior on Pagan gods, to studying behavior and the mind through a few different perspectives, which all view the causes of behavior in a different way. By analysis of behavior and actions, the field of Psychology has come to be our main way of determining how to heal broken mental health and help people to understand how their surroundings and thoughts influence their behavior. Biological/Structural Psychology is the perspective of Psychology that studies how functions of the body, including hormones, genetics, and the brain affect behavior. Psychobiologists use tools such as CAT and PET scans to observe the body and study how anatomical phenomenon and genetics affect behavior. From these fields of Psychology came important Psychologists, such as Edward Titchener, a structuralist pupil of Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt was an extremely influential structuralist who is credited with establishing psychology as a real field of study (Richard Kasschau). He is also credited with developing a method of self-observation called introspection, where participants record their own thoughts, then the psychologist analyzes them. Wilhelm WundtShow MoreRelatedPsychology Is The Study Of The Mind And Behavior1769 Words   |  8 PagesIn simple definition, psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a very recently made science, and it includes many sub-fields. Th e newly-made science evolved out of biology and philosophy can be traced far back to early Greek whose thinkers include Aristotle and Socrates. The science is unique because it studies something abstract and can’t be seen physically perceived such as thoughts, memory, cognition, and emotions. Psychology is very similar to any other science by theRead MorePsychology Is A Study Of Mind And Behavior3879 Words   |  16 Pageshigh school he made a decision to study psychology instead. â€Å" I knew all along that I want to become a psychologist and that is what often helped me when I had a hard time seeing the light at the end of the tunnel† says Dr. Bob. Definition Psychology is a study of mind and behavior. Psychological research is mostly focused on the relationship between thought, behavior and emotion; how one influences the otherRead MoreThe Mind : Psychology And Criminal Behavior2636 Words   |  11 PagesAll in the Mind: Psychology and Criminal Behavior Many people wonder why some people are able to do bad things, even when they know the consequences. To our normal brains there seems to be no reason for doing things like this. However, scientists have discovered that many criminal’s brains are not normal. Scientific studies show that a large majority of convicted criminals have some sort of psychological issue or problem in their brains, which has been shown to affect their behavior. To figureRead MorePsychology Is The Study Of The Mind And Behavior1389 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is the study of the mind and behaviour. Since Psychology first emerged there has been ,many differing schools of Psychology each with different theories in which to understand human behaviour. In this essay I will explain the four major schools of psychology including psychoanalysis, behaviourism, biological and cognitive, and the major influences behind each such as Freud. Psychoanalysis is a school of thought first developed by Sigmeund Freud(1856-1939) one of the most influentialRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Mind And Behavior986 Words   |  4 PagesA Look into Psychology Psychology is known to be the scientific study of the human’s mind and behavior. Psychology is not the study of extraordinary mind activity like paranormal, extrasensory perception (ESP), astrology, nor phrenology. Psychology is theoretically constructed and uses a standard scientific process to discover evidences of that human’s behavior. Psychology also allows an individual to give special assistance to a specific group of children who could have a difficult time in schoolRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Mind And Behavior791 Words   |  4 Pagesinner most feelings. The field of psychology was created to understand human behavior to help make society a better place and people live much easier. Psychology is field with sub fields that differ but the underlining core values are the same. The path to becoming a psychologist is challenging and not easy but most people entering the field feel like it is their calling. I cannot pen point one exact language or a specif form of communication that makes the psychology field special because differentRead MoreEssay on Psychology: The Study of the Mind and Behavior755 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology Concepts: Psychology is a term derived from two Greek words that translate to life explanation, which makes it an important element of daily life. The field of psychology can be described as a discipline that focuses on the study of mind and behavior. This discipline is characterized by several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior. Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not only use these concepts and approaches but alsoRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Mind And Behavior1589 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Psychology? That is the first question before I took this class. I do not know what things I study from it. So is it useful for me and my life? Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. (Simply Psychology Website). But today I will introduce 4 parts from the introduction to Psychology. That isRead MorePsychology Is A Discipline That Studies The Mind And Behavior1880 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology is a discipline that studies the mind and behavior. We hear about psychology through self-help book, self-help mentors, and talk shows. Many students enter this field of psychology with some knowledge. In the fall and winter of 1975 students in an introductory psychology class were given a test known as the â€Å"Test of misconception† students were asked to listen to each statement and answer them by answering true or false only, statements such as â€Å"To change people’s behaviors towards membersRead MorePsychology : The Human Mind And Human Behavior3132 Words   |  13 Pageshumans that are exactly the same. Humans and their behavior are not black and white. So why, in the field of psychology, do psychologists try to explain human behavior by using only one explanation? Psychology i s the study of the human mind and of human behavior. Through the years, psychologists have created several theories to try to explain the cause of human behavior. These are called the approaches to psychology. The seven main approaches to psychology are: Behavioral, Biological, Cognitive, Evolutionary

Computer Network Security The Rising Demand - 1008 Words

Computer Network Security: The Rising Demand Subject : Business and Technological Communications Submitted to : Mrs. Khurana Submitted by : Prashant Kumar 756/IT/13 IT-2 Synopsis This report presents brief insights into the importance of the computer network security in today’s world. The report talks about the different types of cyber threats that have cropped up in the recent times. The report talks about the vulnerability issues that a common user faces and how he/she can prevent them. The reports also discusses about the benefits of good software usage practices that can be used to combat the common threats. The report concludes with the fact that with the growing influence of internet, there is an ever-growing demand for more and more security on the online contents. Acknowledgements Mainly, two people have been influential in the compilation of this report on Computer Network Security. First, I would like to thank my Business and Technological Communications teacher, Mrs. Khurana for getting us started on this report. Second, I would like to thank my computer networking teacher, Mrs. Jyoti for teaching us this subject so enthusiastically. Lastly, I would like to thank, the one and only â€Å"google.com† for providing us wonderful searches, without which this report would have been incomplete. Introduction With the advent of the online era, comes a very new challenge of protection of confidential information from unauthorized access and its misuse or modification. TheShow MoreRelatedMy Interest At Computer Science Field Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesMy Interest Job after Graduation in Computer Science field My interest fields in computer science are Network Administrator, Web Developer, and Program Developer. These three are the topmost list for my career after my graduation because in this modern age people mostly rely on the technology and computers. Everyone has their dream and one really works to pursue it, and I am also working hard to meet my upcoming future which would be succeeded. I am describing the job descriptions and qualificationsRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Computer Technology1440 Words   |  6 Pagesviewing the region of computer technology, moreover it is a necessity that ethics be considered when making decisions in this specific region. Computing or in other words the use or operation of computers (Bowles, M. D. 2013). Has created a whole new set of ethical concerns, different in its own way. For example, Software Theft were someone is utilizing software however did not go through proper protocol to do so like paying for it; unauthorized use of hardware or the use of computers to commit fraud,Read MoreThe Financial Sector Is A Crucial Part Of Society s Critical Infrastructure Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesJessie James along with Bonnie and Clyde were infamous for their robbing sprees. However, today’s bank robberies are less likely to be done in the physical nature with advances in technology. Malware plus Spyware are now the threat to financial security in personal and commercial capacities. The financial sector has experienced enormous change over the past few decades. Evaluating the changes that have transpired over the last 40 years is amazing. Transformation of the industry beganRead MoreInformation Technology Is A Critical Part Of Today Society1581 Words   |  7 PagesInformation technology is a critical part of today society and more than ever in the business operation, production and demands internally for IT support continues to rise due to multiple device used by employees that are sophisticated technologies example are virtualization employed in corporate data centers. IT service desk controller faces growing accumulation of tickets, resolution times and slow response and unhappy employees. IT service desk staff needs help, and this help comes in forms ofRead MoreInformation Technology And Cloud Storage1258 Words   |  6 Pagesstorage is necessary for facilitating today’s big storage demands. Cloud storage allows consumers to remotely store th eir information in a cloud computing environment without having to managing local hardware and software. In spite of the numerous benefits of moving to cloud storage, the development of the service certainly increases security risks and remains a major concern for many users. Many users are not aware of the level of security issues associated with the service. In this research, theRead MoreResearch Examining a Previously-Developed Domain Model Security1755 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction An essential component of access control has been secure and safe domain which is composed of a collection of end users as well as objects handled with a typical security plan and based on an individual authority. Together with the rising of shared sources, unauthorized accessibility to data by unlawful users additionally heightens, it has been essential to secure information via user validation and access control procedures (Yang, 2007). Domain Name Service (DNS) The explanationRead MoreA Report On Reveton Is Malicious Software That Locks You Out Of Your Computer Or Your Data?745 Words   |  3 Pagesransomware that began to appear in 2012. â€Å"Ransomware is malicious software that locks you out of your computer or your data, and demands money to let you back in.† (Ducklin) Reveton, also known as citadel or Troj/Ransom, most often impersonates different law enforcement agencies declaring that a person’s computer has been used in illegal activities and in order to regain access to their computer, and avoid being criminally charged, they should pay the â€Å"fine†. They even tailor the attacks to the user’sRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyber Bullying And Or Harassment1728 Words   |  7 PagesHalls Jr. CJ2670: Computer Forensics. Wk. 6. Project 2 Pg. 2. Introduction: Case There are many ways that cybercrimes are conducted. One particular offense is the case of cyber bullying and or harassment personal pictures hacked from a specific personal computer. Crimes against a computer include attacksRead MoreMobile Communication and Mobile Application Development1505 Words   |  6 Pagesfield of information and communications technology (ICT) is currently undergoing a fundamental transformation from the era of personal computers and wired Internet services to a new paradigm based on portable devices connecting wirelessly to the emerging â€Å"mobile Internet† (Raychaudhuri and Mandayam , 2012), Figure 1: Global Mobile Data Traffic shows the increasing demand for mobile data over voice. Cellular technologies started moving to data and Internet with the introduction of Third Generation (3G)Read MoreTechnology Behind a Smart Home Essay614 Words   |  3 Pageslive. Forgetting things like setting security alarms or turning on the dishwasher could become relics of a former way of life as automation systems manage and link our appliances, thermostats, and even computers while putting all their features into the palms of our hands. Im agine being able to control your home with a simple remote while youre at home and with your tablet PC while on the go! While the idea of a smart home is not new, they are on the verge of rising fast in popularity as automation

France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison Free Essays

string(85) " reimburses out of pocket patient expenses, based on that person’s rate of income\." Abstract The efficacy of the social policies of health care has become a topic of considerable debate. This essay examines the nations of France and the United States in order to develop better understanding of the similarities and differences to be found in each system. The evidence shows that both nations are attempting to address the same issue, through different methods, which in turn are based on social policy. We will write a custom essay sample on France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research will be of value to any person studying the convergence or dependency theories. 1. Introduction As technology unfies the world, there is a continuous debate on the efficacy of individual social policies. This essay assesses and compares the Health Care policies found in the France and the United States in order to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses associated with the processesThe essay identifies convergence or path dependency theory in order to demonstrate how different nations approach the same issues. Suggestions for the future will be offered 2. Health Care Policy 2.1 Overview Health care is an issue that every nation has to address in order to create a stable, profitable internal environment (Fischer and Collins, 2010). Health care policy can be defined as an effort to alleviate ill-health amongst the population. Although health care policy is increasing, some debate its efficacy (Fisher et al, 2010). This literature suggests that varying societal factors including perception and acceptance play a positive role in the establishment of any social or health care policy. In order to explain the development of healthcare policy, two theories are commonly employed: convergence and path dependency (Dutton, 2007). Each of these methods speaks to the cultural need to assert a semblance of cultural impact on the development of national societal institutions such as health care policy. Cnvergence theory is commonly tied to the functionalist approach which speaks to the societal expectations of having to meet requirements in order to survive and continue to operate (Baldock et al, 2012). The essence of this view associates an increase in industrialization with the coinciding resemblance to other already industrialized nations. This suggests that these forms of nations learn from and adapt other countries policies in order to enhance their own development. Alternately, the path dependency theory denotes a ‘history matters’ approach, that states future social decision and influences are constrained and based on past practices (Baldock et al, 2012) . Prior decisions have a limiting impact on future actions, this method of development often is relegated to the already present institutions that society embraces. This definition of alternative development models indicates a defined social impact to any form of policy institution, not the least of which becomes health care and general population well-being. Both the United States and France will be assessed for their health care policy approach, seeking to Understand whether the convergence or dependency models is more influential. 2.1.1 Health Care Policy France There has long been a public policy approach in France (Hantrais, 2010). There is a commonly held belief a nationally subsidized health care system provides a methodfd keeping the population healthy (Hantrais, 2010). With a consistent pattern of leadership in the industry, providing a consistent and strong health care France has illustrated a convergence/functionalist approach to the health care issue, often citing their system as a model for other nations (Marmot et al, 2012). In many ways this evidence speaks to the fact that a healthy population enables increased access and opportunity to social benefits by reducing health care costs and increasing spending in other areas. France as a European nation is marked by a larger than average ratio of health spending yet remains much less than their counter parts in the West spend on health care(Marmot et al, 2012). Alongside this popular national support rests that the fact that the population is largely healthy with a average life span two years more than the rest of the word (Marmot et al, 2012). . The French is to manage cost by implementing a system of premium health care levels that are directly associated with a person’s income (Rodwin, 2003). This is a targeted policy that seeks to make insurance as affordable as possible in order to ensure that that each person has access. Further, this limits opportunities for the insurance industry to adjust rates unfairly or at a disadvantage to certain conditions or participants (Rodwin, 2003). This element of control takes away much of the ability for companies to overly profit from the insurance market. With the French system taking on the burden of the majority of medical expenses through a system of reimbursement, the average citizen’s ability to sustain health insurance is higher (Rodwin, 2003). This protection is enhanced and extended to the people who need healthcare the most, making the issue of major illness much more manageable on the economic and social front. Due to the quality of universal healthcare in France, there are very low levels of private insurance, a further indication of the capacity for this system to not only manage cost but provide efficient and dependable care (Marmot et al, 2012). With a public system in place,the need for private insurance in significantly reduced, further ensuring less expense for the average citizen. France possesses a well-developed system of independent and public hospitals (Rodwin, 2003). This wide ranging access to care has been credited with further enhancing the overall rate of health and effectiveness in the nation. Yet, the diverse manner of health care oversight has been cited as an issue (Marmot et al, 2012). With nearly fifty different regulatory agencies to contend with, each faculty has to negotiate an ever-changing environment, which provides a serious challenge to many institutions. A further problem is the rising influence of the pharmaceutical industry, intent on generating profit rather than being concerned with benefiting the people of France (Clarke and Bidgood, 2013). With prescription charges payable, there is anarea of concern Regarding affordability of medicine. In summary Universal health care in France is a nationally subsidized system that reimburses out of pocket patient expenses, based on that person’s rate of income. You read "France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison" in category "Essay examples" With a convergent form of policy that seeks to make the French system a global model, the high quality of care denotes a degree of success. However, the high rate of regulation serves to diminish many of the positive elements of the policy. The French system has offered other nations a model of healthcare promising to reduce sickness, thereby decreasing underlying societal cost. In France, there is evidence that health policy supports citizens during times of sickness or injury. 2.1.2 Health Care Policy United States The healthcare system in the United States has long been an area of contention within the nation, commonly resulting in politically partisan fighting that diminishes the ability for any system to function (Hoffman, 2008). With the ascension of a liberal regime in the United States, the recent past has witnessed a shift away from the individual, less regulated, insurance market to a form of universal health care with far more federal regulation. The private market controls the health care insurance market, making the need for supplementary services high in order to meet every expectation (Hoffman, 2008). With the rising cost of health care and a general lack of productive policy, the shift away from the strictly private system has been a rough evolution for many in the United States. With a standing of 50th in the world foro effective health care policy as rated by the OECD there seems to be a suggestion thathe US system has begun to change to match other models, actively incorporatin g the convergent theory and seeking to emulate the positive health trends Found elsewhere. (Palmer, 2014), There are multiple levels of regulatory oversight in the US system of health care (Gulliford and Morgan, 2010). This is a reflection of the national and state level authorities that commonly find themselves at odds with one another. With this abundance of regulation there is substantial paperwork (Hoffman, 2008). Evidence suggests that there is a potential for politics to play a role in the policy making efforts of healthcare. This opportunity for gain at the expense of the national system is often attributed to the wellbeing of the very people that need it most, the lower earners and single mothers. US federal oversight is conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services, which ensures that the appropriate compliance guidelines are followed by states (Gulliford et al, 2010). This section of governement oversees procedures from county/state level to the national level. In this manner the integration of State and Federal concerns can serve to aid in the implementation of healt h care policy throughout the nation. Yet, it also seems to be the case that there is a potential for conflict among policy makers, leading to a poorer service Medical professionals in the US are licensed under the American Medical Association, with an aim of ensuring a high quality of care and adherence to ethical guidelines (Kominski, 2011). . It has been suggested that the US private system is commonly influenced by the presence of rich or well to do patients or donors (Palmer, 2014). This perception seems justified, as the best performing doctors are often unavailable to the average US citizen, thereby creating an unintentional division of care which is reflected in the life expectancy numbers. Yet, this is a demonstration of the convergent theory at work in the functionalist US society, as the recognition of expanded need becomes apparent; public policy was created to address the issue. In summary The health care policies found in the United States have been shown to be rated as moderate by the international community. Before the shift to the universal care subsidized by the nation, the gap between rich and poor in terms of healthcare had widened. Many people lacked health insurance. In order to address this, recent liberal policies found in the US were formulated but have been much debated. It can be suggested that new policies have succeeded in lowering the rate of people without healthcare insurance, thereby beginning the effort of increasing the health of the population in general. Yet, the regulatory environment found in the healthcare system in the US is often counter-productive. Further, this every area of contention has led to a gap of states that have accepted the new universal care and those that have not, decreasing the impact that they policies have on a considerable number of citizens. 2.3 Comparison The health care policies found in France in the United States share many similarities as well as considerable differences. For example, the French tradition of seeking social remedies to health issues is sharply differed from the American approach of ‘goes it alone’ fundamentalism (Flynn, 2010). In many cases the expectation that everyone must take care of themselves has led the US health care system to sharply different levels of care in regions, largely based on the underlying income factors of the residents. Conversely, France has long sought to provide a balanced method that seeks to present a useable model to the rest of the world (Fisher et al, 2010). This is best illustrated by the life expectancy rates found in the US of 78.4 and 81.3 in France (Fisher et al, 2010). With numbers supporting the success factors in France over the prior efforts in the US, the American shift to the more universal system is considered a convergence with modern examples such as France leading the way. A factor that both systems share is the high quality of physicians and practitioners that are involved in health care (Palmer, 2014). While the French system is primarily publicly owned and supported, the US policy dictated that many of their institutions are privately owned and operated, presenting further considerations during the transition to universal health care in this nation. This same issue presents itself as a difference between the social policies as the French doctors are paid substantially less than their American counterparts (Palmer, 2014). Yet, the French approach to this issue was to make subsequent education and associated services free to those in the medical profession, thereby reducing the need for the extravagant wages that many experience in the West (Guilliford et al, 2010). This same measure of policy support is yet absent in the American system, which makes a considerable difference as to where and how a student can learn and practice. This literature sugges ts that there is a need to make expenses of the medical learning process reduced in order to present a method of paying fair wage thereby allowing the entirety of the population to receive the same quality of care, regardless of financial position or social standing. The spending levels for medical needs in the United States far outweigh those experienced in French system, demonstrating effective policy (Palmer, 2014). In part due to the rapidly rising cost of health care, the American system was forced to shift to a universal policy in order to slow the impact that this substantial cost on the overall economic outlook for the nation. With both nations providing a social policy of immediate emergency care, there was a widespread perception in the US that this would alleviate much of the lower class medical issues, yet, conversely, this phenomena of utilizing emergency care for routine care served to drastically increase the need for funding from the national level, thereby prompting new policy modelled on systems including the UK and Canada (Palmer, 2014). This is in contrast to the French model, which involves more spending per citizen, but has shown positive performance in response to spending levels. The United States policy of health care has a compulsory insurance mandate this is designed to ensure that each citizen has insurance (Palmer, 2014). Conversely, the French system utilizes a series of reimbursements based on wages in order to supply the same medical services. In some ways, the perception of the US system has been cited as a form of increased taxation on the healthy, with these views stating that they are supporting the poor of the nation. Despite the strength of health care available in the United States, until recently there was a marked increase in the value, with many of the citizens putting off routine care in favour of waiting for emergency, which in turn inflated health costs of every level (Palmer, 2014). However, France overcame this issue by establishing oversight panels that ensure that fair access is assured and that the population has access to the same general level of care. A common component of both nations health care policy is the multiple layers of bureaucrats and agencies that dictate policy (Flynn, 2010). Both nations cite the need to reduce the layers of oversight in order to streamline the process, which would in theory reduce administration costs and aid the both nation and industry. In a very real manner, this evidence suggests that the long term capacity to develop a working system will be found by taking the best of the existing structures and using these as a foundation for growth. 3. Conclusion This essay has examined the social policies of France and the United States in the field of health care in order to evaluate and compare their offerings. The evidence presented illustrates a position of French strength through communal action. With proven records supporting the reduction in health issues, rise in life expectancy and overall positive implementation there is a model for progress. Alternately, the private system once favored in the United States has evolved to a more UK or Canadian style system that requires consumer participation. This recognition and development on the part of the American nation is deemed an example of the convergence/functionalist theory with the country seeking to alleviate many of the social health issues by implementing a system similar to other nations. An area of weakness demonstrated in both societies that have the potential to raise issues in the future is the presence of an over regulated system. With so many different agencies responsible f or the oversight and regulation of the same industry, there is a need to coordinate and simplify the process in order to aid both the consumer and the provider. Further, this area is prone to political partisanship or bias, which in turn has a direct impact on the quality of care and policy that develops. In the end, the social policy of health care has been deemed of critical import for both France and the United States. Yet, just as the nations are culturally unique yet share traits, so too will the health care issue, with both nations seeking to address the same issue though slightly differing means. Only time will judge which has been the better approach. 4. References Baldock, J., 2013. Social policy. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Dutton, P., 2007. Differential diagnoses. 1st ed. Ithaca: ILR Press/Cornell University Press. Feldstein, P., 2012. Health care economics. 1st ed. New York: Wiley. Fisher, K. and Collins, J., 2010. Homelessness, health care, and welfare provision. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Flynn, N., 2010 Social Policy, fiscal problems economic performance in France, United Kingdom Germany. London, 1(1). pp. 65-100. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M., 2010. Expanding access to health care. 1st ed. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Hantrais, L., 2010. French social policy in the European context. Modern Contemporary France, 3(4), pp.381–390. Hoffman, B., 2008. Health care reform and social movements in the United States. American journal of public health, 98. Kominski, G., 2011. Changing the U.S. health care system. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R. and Goldblatt, P., 2012. Building of the global movement for health equity: from Santiago to Rio and beyond. The Lancet, 379(9811), pp.181–188. others, 2012. Health, United States, 2011: with special feature on socioeconomic status and health. National Center for Health Statistics (US). Palmer, K., 2014. A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US | Physicians for a National Health Program. [online] Pnhp.org. Available at: [Accessed 19 Apr. 2014]. Rodwin, V., 2003. The health care system under French national health insurance: lessons for health reform in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 93(1), pp.31–37. Sauret, J., 1997. Information systems in healthcare Situation in France. Health Cards’ 97, 49, p.27. How to cite France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison, Essay examples

Leadership in Healthcare Skills and Attitudes

Question: Discuss about theLeadership in Healthcare for Skills and Attitudes. Answer: Introduction Heading health care institutions is very involving and requires nothing short of an effective and visionary leader who can confidently make decisions which favor the growth of the institution by provision of excellent services to consumers. This report critically examines leadership requirements which comprise of skills, attitudes, values as well as knowledge. Effective leaders must possess a variety of knowledge especially in management so as to guarantee the progress of an organization. This report also identifies and scrutinizes the implications of poor leadership which can affect negatively the organizations staff, the patients as well as the performance of the organization. When leadership tools are executed effectively, they enable a leader to critically examine his or her leadership style as well as those of other members of staff that they are in charge of in the health care institution. 360 degree feedback and VARK assessment tools are discussed in length including their mai n strength and limitations in regards to their executions. Requirements of Affective Team Leader Effective leadership is essentially the ability to come up with a vision that can arouse employees to move with the passion for the purpose of fulfilling the goals of an organization (Gill, 2011). As such, any leader who wishes to be good in leadership must possess four fundamental qualities. Those are knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. Knowledge For a leader to deliver excellent health services then knowledge has to play a crucial role. A leader should grasp his or her role in the organization so as to be able to lead other in the right direction. A leader should continuously endeavor to learn new skills and increase his knowledge so that he or she can lead by example (Fernandez et al., 2016). Knowledge can be shared between staff members and patients through conversation and tutoring. Leaders should be knowledgeable as far as issues to do with decision-making are concerned so as to share the same information with the staff. This will ensure that health care services delivery improves since less time will be spent in the decision-making process. Theoretical and Technical Knowledge A leader should possess sufficient theoretical knowledge and be in a position to properly applying that knowledge to promote good health among clients. Knowledge of the policies of the organizations, as well as that of the government also, plays a crucial role (Fernandez et al., 2016). A good and effective leader should be in a position to show his or her diverse ideas and values of ethics for the purposes of promoting health. Some of the information touching on health matter comprises of public justice, human rights as well as health equality. A leader should also control and guide the employees under him or her when it comes to taking care of a patient in such a way that everything is guided by both the protocols of the nursing council of New Zealand and the hospitals regulations (Gage Hornblow, 2007). A nurse elevated to a position of leadership and it happens that he or she possesses a wide range of knowledge in the medical and health care field finds it easy to assume and execu te the duties of a leader unlike a nurse leader who only concentrates on just one area of specialization. Possessing a wide range of knowledge enables a leader to handle different people from different departments in and out of the organization. Skills For a leader to work properly, then he or she must possess an array of skills. Emotional intelligence, good communication, theoretical skills, technical skills as well as listening skills are critical. Emotional and social skills have been singled out as some of the vital skills since they are linked to positive interpersonal relationships with workers in a company (Whitley, Gingerich, Lutz Mueser, 2009). As far as technical skills are concerned, a leader must have the technical know-how required to handle equipment in the hospital. When a leader increases his or her problem-solving abilities then people establish more trust in him or her. Having good listening skills ensures that more time is spent listening to other peoples ideas, therefore, fostering an effective exchange of information (Fernandez et al., 2016). Attitudes A good leader must employ several elements to ensure that his or her relationship with the staff is strengthened. They should try to maintain a smile most of the time especially when meeting other staff members (Vogel Wanke, 2016). Positive Attitude A leader must maintain a positive attitude. A leader who consistently maintains a positive attitude raises the self-esteem of workers by encouraging them to do better next every single day and encouraging feedback to foster two-way communication (Vogel Wanke, 2016). For example, nurses who are in a position of leadership should try their best to inject a positive attitude in whatever task they engage in. This gesture spreads to other staff who are able to increase their self-esteem, motivation and self-confidence, therefore, maximizing the quality of health care services offered (Vogel Wanke, 2016). According to Daft and Pirola-Merlo (2009) self- confidence in a leader helps to followed by team to gain respect and develop motivation and command. On the other hand Marquis and Hudson (2012) stated motivation and self-confidence help to achieve a goal and decrease the tension. It is also fundamental for a leader to be flexible so as to be able to make changes according to the situatio n. This cannot be possible if the leader does not maintain a positive attitude. Optimism brings about hope to each and every employee especially when it is facilitated by the leader. Leaders who entertain negative feedback end up registering negative results for the organization and the relationship between the leader and the staff decreases significantly. Values A good leader should have proper knowledge of the values that the organization stands for. Some of these values consist of discipline, teamwork, respect, honesty as well as excellence (Nowack, 2015). Discipline According to Savolainen and Hakkinen (2011) Leaders should be self-disciplined since most often than not, they do not have people who micro-manage their time. Furthermore, discipline allows leaders and staff to develop and bind with their standards and code of behavior. On the other side Goldstein et al., (2009) a leader should exercise self-discipline. Self-discipline is a sign of inner faith and control. It gives a leader the power to stick to his or her decisions as well as to follow them through without being distracted along the way. As such, it is one of the most crucial requirements for achieving the goals of an organization. For instance, a nurse who is in a position of power must exercise fairness to all employees. When creating a duty roster plan. The employees personal wishes must be a factor of consideration so as to ensure that the workers feel valued and important (Taplin, Foster Shortell, 2013). Honesty Honesty plays a crucial role when it comes to establishing trust between employees. In addition, it is also fundamental in development as well as sustaining mutual beliefs for better working in an organization (Robert, 2011). As far as respect is concerned, a leader ought to treat each and every employee in a humane manner knowing very well that at some point a person is bound to make a mistake (Molix, Nichols, 2013). Ethics According to Porter and Malloch (2013) ethics and moral values plays an important role with certain principles to determine right thing to do in a right situation. A leader should strike a balance between leniency and strictness. When that balance is achieved then a leader is able to carry out his or her duties having earned the respect of the employees. For a leader to exhibit excellence his or her ways of handling current and upcoming issues must show some level of creativity as far tactics of handling issues are concerned (Adam, Diane, Rachel, Beat, Pamela, Lisa, 2009). Consequences of Poor Leadership When a leader lacks leadership skills and abilities then, he or she ceases to be an effective leader. Some of the reasons linked to poor leadership skills are the lack of skills, lack of knowledge and lack of motivation. A poor leader may exhibit poor interpersonal relationship skills with other employees such as poor listening skills, lack of communication as well as the lack of proper direction (Grant, 2014). A poor leader may not even attempt to provide any guidance and support to the employees as far as tasks are concerned and this may result in work overload. A poor leader also fails to share knowledge relevant to the organizations vision and mission, therefore, leaving other employees in the dark and unaware of what approach to use to maximize the quality of services the organization provides. As a consequence of poor leadership, there is low morale in the workplace, job dissatisfaction as well as high turnover among the staff (Grant, 2014). In health care institution, the employees are responsible for caring for the patients. However, if the environment is unfavorable for them, chances are that they may not provide care for the patients as expected (Chagani, 2015). The patient is the most affected since he or she is not able to access quality care, therefore, he or she may lose trust in the health care team. The health care institution ends up suffering since its image is damaged and its productivity lowers (Casida Pinto-Zipp, 2008). Impact of Poor Leadership: Impact of Poor Leadership on Staff The employees are affected a lot by the poor leadership approaches employed by poor leaders. Poor leaders tend to exhibit poor interpersonal relationship skills with their workers for instance lack of lack of communication, poor listening skills and lack of providing direction. As a result of these employees morale goes down hence bringing about job dissatisfaction (Vogel Wanke, 2016). Poor communication, poor listening skills as well as lack of direction results in breakdown of systems in the organization. The employees are left in the dark as far as the goals and vision of the organization is concerned hence dissatisfaction creeps in. in addition, as a result of this, employees feel left out and many of them opt to exit the organization altogether. Lack of cooperation and feedback from the leader also leaves the staff frustrated and as a result their zeal for health care service decreases. Impact of Poor Leadership on Patients Patients are essentially health care consumers who frequent health care institutions. It is the responsibility of the employee to provide care for patients at all times (Robert, 2011). The main reason why patient are admitted in hospitals is because they need to access personalized care and treatment which they cannot get at home. The responsibility of providing this crucial care lies entirely on the organizations staff. If there is a breakdown of communication between a leader and employees as well as lack of cooperation from the leader, then job dissatisfaction and low morale is experienced from workers who fail to provide high-quality health care to patients. Some patients are forced to seek health services in other institutions (Vogel Wanke, 2016). Job dissatisfaction affects service delivery to patients and as a result the health condition of the patients who are admitted may become worse even resulting in death if immediate action is not taken. Impact of Poor Leadership on the Organization For the success of any organization, good culture and leadership style must be the driving force. Poor leadership skills result in poor delivery of health services to the patient. This results in most of them seeking health services elsewhere. A decrease in the number of patients frequenting the hospital affects productivity hence the health care institution is unable to support its day to day operations (Biggs, 2011). A leader together with the workers should be in capable of transforming based on environmental and technical changes. Failure to adapt to changes will eventually result in a downward shift as far as performance is concerned and the productivity of the organization will fail as well. High staff turnover will also affect the productivity of the organization primarily because high costs will have to be incurred in the recruitment process. Leadership Analysis Tools A good leader should have in his or her arsenal rational monitoring procedures aimed at ensuring that the organizational goals and visions are met. Leadership tools are essential for improving self-performance, quality of care, culture as well as team performance (Marquis Hudson, 2012). Furthermore, leadership tools provide a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of leaders and their employees hence pinpointing the exact areas that necessitate improvement (DuBrin, 2016). Leadership tools also provide a development process that assists a leader and his or her employees to succeed particularly if the leadership tools are implemented systematically. Leadership tools are vital when it comes to communication planning, tactical planning as well as the accomplishment of multifaceted purposes (Aiken et al., 2011). Leadership tools also help in the processes of new hires. This ensures that the organization gets the best person for the job. As much as these tools are beneficial , they tend to possess several limitations. First, the tools are time consuming. Secondly, they do not focus on technical skills of a leader and the staff. VARK assessment tool plays a crucial role since it heightens the communication skills of leaders and employees. It also improves teams performance and capabilities by employing learning strategies such as listening, visual, reading and writing as well as learning by doing (Hosain, 2016). VARK assessment tool give an insight linked to style of learning of a leader and his or her staff. 360-degree feedback also offers better understanding between leaders and employees hence helping in the improvement of the overall performance as well as the establishment of interpersonal skills (Daft Pirola-Merlo, 2009). 360 degree feedbacks also offer direction to a leader as well as his or her staff for the purposes of self-development. 360 degree feedback concentrates on effectiveness of leadership as well as teamwork characters. This tool has several limitations. First, the tool does not concentrate on the technical skills of leaders and staff. Secondly, it relies entirely on the expectations of a person. Finally, 360 degree feedback is costly and time consuming. Conclusion All in all, leadership skills play a fundamental role as far as the success of an organization is concerned. A good leader should exhibit features like good values, skills, attitudes as well as knowledge. Failure to meet these characteristics leads to poor leadership. Poor leadership is the greatest contributor job dissatisfaction among employees and the overall failure of the organization. Some of the factors attributed to poor leadership comprises of poor communication, lack of skills as well as lack of knowledge. Leadership analysis tools are very essential in assisting a leader to execute his or her duties. They enhance self-performance, quality of care, culture as well as team performance .VARK assessment tool proves essential as far as leadership is concerned since it improves team performance and reinforces communication skills. 360 degree feedback is also crucial to a leader since it creates better understanding between employees and the staff. These tools have several limita tions. The tools are time consuming and they do not focus on the technical skills of a leader and his or her staff. References Aiken, H. L., Sloane, M. D., Clarke, S., Poghosyan, L., Cho, E., You, L., Finlayson, M., Kanai-Pak, M., Aungsuroch, Y. (2011). Importance of work environments on hospital outcomes in nine countries. In Y.-C. Li (Ed.), The International Society for Quality in Health Care (pp. 357-364). doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzr022 Biggs. E. (2011). Healthcare governance: A guide for effective boards (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. Casida, J., Pinto-Zipp, G. (2008). Leadership-organizational culture relationship in nursing units of acute care hospitals. Nursing Economics, 26(1), 7-15. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Chagani, S. M. I. (2015). Transformational leadership in emergency department for nursing staff retention. i-Manager's Journal on Nursing, 5(2), 4-9. Retrieved from Ciahl Complete database. Daft, R. L., Pirola-Merlo, A. (2009). The leadership experience (1st Asia Pacific ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. DuBrin, A. J. (2016). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Fernandez, C. S., Noble, C. C., Jensen, E. T., Chapin, J. (2016). Improving leadership skills in physicians: A 6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ month retrospective study. Journal of Leadership Studies, 9(4), 6-19. doi: 10.1002/jls.21420 Gage, J. D., Hornblow, A. R. (2007). Development of the New Zealand nursing workforce: Historical themes and current challenges. Nursing Inquiry, 14(4), 330-334. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2007.00380.x Gill, R. (2011).Theory and practice of leadership (2nd ed.). London, Publication: Sage Publications. Goldstein, A. O., Calleson, D., Bearman, R., Steiner, B. D., Frasier, P. Y., Slatt, L. (2009). Teaching advanced leadership skills in community service to medical students. Academic Medicine, 84(6), 754-764. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a40660 Grant, A. M. (2014). The efficacy of executive coaching in times of organisational change. Journal of Change Management, 14(2), 258-280. doi: 10.1080/14697017.2013.805159 Hosain, M. S. (2016). 360 degree feedback as a technique of performance appraisal: Does it really work? Asian Business Review, 6(1/2). Retrieved from https://journals.abc.us.org/index.php/abr/article/download/779/573 International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(1), 20-34. doi: 10.5502/ijw.v3i1.175. Manager,44(2),4 - 20. Retrieved from Health Business FullTEXT Elite database. Marquis, B. L., Huston, C. J. (2012). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory application (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Mediator of the relationship between community esteem and wellbeing. Molix, L. A., Nichols, C. P. (2013). Satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a Nowack, K. M.(2015).360 feedback: From insight to improvement.The Public Porter-OGrady, T., Malloch, K. (2013). Leadership in nursing practice: Changing the landscape of healthcare. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Robert, P.(2011).9 critical mind-sets, skill sets tool sets.Professional Safety,56(2),25-29. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Savolainen, T., Hakkinen, S. (2011). Trusted to lead: Trustworthiness and its impact on leadership. Technology Innovation Management Review. Retrieved from https://timreview.ca/article/429 Taplin, H. S., Foster, K. M., Shortell, M. S. (2013). Organizational leadership for building effective health care teams. Annals of Family Medicine, 11(3), 279-281. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Vogel, T., Wanke, M. (2016). Attitudes and attitude change (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://books.google.co.nz/books Whitley, R., Gingerich, S., Lutz, J. W., Mueser, T. K. (2009). Implementing the illness management and recovery program in community mental health settings: facilitators and barriers. Psychiatric Services, 60(2), 202-209. Retrieved from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database.

Superheros and Engendering Differences Essay Example For Students

Superheros and Engendering Differences Essay Being able to fly, to defeat all the villains of the world, and having supernatural power are just some of the supernatural characteristics of a superhero. However, these characteristics are the personification of what society would indicate to be the perfect man; or, depending on what superhero, a woman. I grew up admiring and idolizing Superman. From wearing his underwear to owning every one of his videos, I yearned to become Superman. This, however, was obviously impossible. Superman can fly, create a laser beam from his eyes, and he can lift the heaviest of objects. Thus, not being a totally clueless kid, it was the ideals of being a man, that superman possessed, that I tried to copy: having incredible strength, being flagrantly courageous, and being heroic. This, through my admiration of Superman, is what I thought a man should be. Some would say that aggressive male behavior is innate; however, it also has to do with the glamorously powerful superheroes that act as role models to males as they are growing up. Superman?s incredible strength has led him to victory over even the biggest and strongest of enemies. Watching him, I thought I could prove my strength by defeating other kids. We will write a custom essay on Superheros and Engendering Differences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This did not mean that I went and tried to beat everyone up. Instead, I tried to be better than others at everything. I would try to hang on the monkey bars the longest, be the person who got picked first for any sport, and wrestle anyone to submission. Although my behavior sometimes got to aggressive, and got me in trouble, it always seemed to make me feel like more of a man. Superhero?s also possessed that perfect body that went along with being powerful. They would have perfect biceps, gigantic pecks, and six-pack abs. Although body image is more of an issue with teenagers and adult, this does have an effect on kids. The role models, that kids are introduced to, almost always have a perfect body. Superman, undoubtedly, had a perfect male body: lots of muscle and no fat. In fact, I cannot remember a superhero, male or female, that did not have a perfect body when I was a kid. It is from these images that teach kids, from the beginning, that being fat and weak is ugly. This translated into the ?ugly? kids being made fun of. I, too, fell into the trap of mocking others, who were not perfect, when I was a kid. I also remember trying to hide any blemish of my own body, so that I would not become a victim of the scorn. Besides the many physical strengths of a superhero, they also possess great mental strengths. It takes allot of courage to deal with evil villains and all their devious trickery. Superman encounters many difficult and virtually impossible challenges, and manages to take them head on without any evidence of fear on him. Watching him be so courageous had great impacts on me as a kid. I never liked to cry, especially if others were watching. That was probably the worst thing you could get caught doing in elementary school. Another effect it had on me was that I never showed fear even if I was petrified. An example of this would be with the first time I sat on a roller coaster. Although I was completely scared to go on the Vortech when I was eight years old, every one else was going on it. Instead of getting ridiculed by the others, I decided to suck in my fear and hop on the ride. There were many other examples just like this one in my life: swimming, diving, and bungee jumping are just a few. In many of these cases I felt that I had to be fearless and brave, just like superman, because that is what being a man is all about. A characteristic of all superheros is their great heroism. Superman, no matter how dangerous the situation, is constantly saving the world and others from harm. Although I did not have supernatural powers to save everyone and everything, I always tried to help the people I loved. I was always the first the person . Superheros and Engendering Differences Essay Example For Students Superheros and Engendering Differences Essay Being able to fly, to defeat all the villains of the world, and having supernatural power are just some of the supernatural characteristics of a superhero. However, these characteristics are the personification of what society would indicate to be the perfect man; or, depending on what superhero, a woman. I grew up admiring and idolizing Superman. From wearing his underwear to owning every one of his videos, I yearned to become Superman. This, however, was obviously impossible. Superman can fly, create a laser beam from his eyes, and he can lift the heaviest of objects. Thus, not being a totally clueless kid, it was the ideals of being a man, that superman possessed, that I tried to copy: having incredible strength, being flagrantly courageous, and being heroic. This, through my admiration of Superman, is what I thought a man should be. Some would say that aggressive male behavior is innate; however, it also has to do with the glamorously powerful superheroes that act as role models to males as they are growing up. Superman?s incredible strength has led him to victory over even the biggest and strongest of enemies. Watching him, I thought I could prove my strength by defeating other kids. We will write a custom essay on Superheros and Engendering Differences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This did not mean that I went and tried to beat everyone up. Instead, I tried to be better than others at everything. I would try to hang on the monkey bars the longest, be the person who got picked first for any sport, and wrestle anyone to submission. Although my behavior sometimes got to aggressive, and got me in trouble, it always seemed to make me feel like more of a man. Superhero?s also possessed that perfect body that went along with being powerful. They would have perfect biceps, gigantic pecks, and six-pack abs. Although body image is more of an issue with teenagers and adult, this does have an effect on kids. The role models, that kids are introduced to, almost always have a perfect body. Superman, undoubtedly, had a perfect male body: lots of muscle and no fat. In fact, I cannot remember a superhero, male or female, that did not have a perfect body when I was a kid. It is from these images that teach kids, from the beginning, that being fat and weak is ugly. This translated into the ?ugly? kids being made fun of. I, too, fell into the trap of mocking others, who were not perfect, when I was a kid. I also remember trying to hide any blemish of my own body, so that I would not become a victim of the scorn. Besides the many physical strengths of a superhero, they also possess great mental strengths. It takes allot of courage to deal with evil villains and all their devious trickery. Superman encounters many difficult and virtually impossible challenges, and manages to take them head on without any evidence of fear on him. Watching him be so courageous had great impacts on me as a kid. I never liked to cry, especially if others were watching. That was probably the worst thing you could get caught doing in elementary school. Another effect it had on me was that I never showed fear even if I was petrified. An example of this would be with the first time I sat on a roller coaster. Although I was completely scared to go on the Vortech when I was eight years old, every one else was going on it. Instead of getting ridiculed by the others, I decided to suck in my fear and hop on the ride. There were many other examples just like this one in my life: swimming, diving, and bungee jumping are just a few. In many of these cases I felt that I had to be fearless and brave, just like superman, because that is what being a man is all about. A characteristic of all superheros is their great heroism. Superman, no matter how dangerous the situation, is constantly saving the world and others from harm. Although I did not have supernatural powers to save everyone and everything, I always tried to help the people I loved. I was always the first the person .

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe A Rising Power In the years after its triumph in the Spanish-American War, the United States quickly grew in power and prestige on the world stage. A newly established imperial power with possessions that included Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, it was felt that the United States needed to substantially increase its naval power to retain its new global status. Led by the energy of President Theodore Roosevelt, the US Navy built eleven new battleships between 1904 and 1907. While this construction program greatly grew the fleet, the combat effectiveness of many of the ships was jeopardized in 1906 with the arrival of the all-big gun HMS Dreadnought. Despite this development, the expansion of naval strength was fortuitous as Japan, recently triumphant in the Russo-Japanese War after victories at Tsushima and Port Arthur, presented a growing threat in the Pacific. Concerns with Japan Relations with Japan were further stressed in 1906, by a series of laws which discriminated against Japanese immigrants in California. Touching off anti-American riots in Japan, these laws were ultimately repealed at Roosevelts insistence. While this aided in calming the situation, relations remained strained and Roosevelt became concerned about the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific. To impress upon the Japanese that the United States could shift its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began devising a world cruise of the nations battleships. Roosevelt had effectively utilized naval demonstrations for political purposes in the past as earlier that year he had deployed eight battleships to the Mediterranean to make a statement during the Franco-German Algeciras Conference. Support at Home In addition to sending a message to the Japanese, Roosevelt wished to provide the American public with a clear understanding that the nation was prepared for a war at sea and sought to secure support for the construction of additional warships. From an operational standpoint, Roosevelt and naval leaders were eager to learn about the endurance of American battleships and how they would stand up during long voyages. Initially announcing that the fleet would be moving to the West Coast for training exercises, the battleships gathered at Hampton Roads in late 1907 to take part in the Jamestown Exposition. Preparations Planning for the proposed voyage required a full assessment of the US Navys facilities on the West Coast as well as across the Pacific. The former were of particular importance as it was expected the fleet would require a full refit and overhaul after steaming around South America (the Panama Canal was not yet open). Concerns immediately arose that the only navy yard capable of servicing the fleet was at Bremerton, WA as the main channel into San Franciscos Mare Island Navy Yard was too shallow for battleships. This necessitated the re-opening of a civilian yard on Hunters Point in San Francisco. The US Navy also found that arrangements were needed to ensure that the fleet could be refueled during the voyage. Lacking a global network of coaling stations, provisions were made to have colliers meet the fleet at prearranged locations to permit refueling. Difficulties soon arose in contracting sufficient American-flagged ships and awkwardly, especially given the point of the cruise, the majority of the colliers employed were of British registry. Around the World Sailing under command of Rear Admiral Robley Evans, the fleet consisted of the battleships USS Kearsarge, USS Alabama, USS Illinois, USS Rhode Island , USS Maine, USS Missouri, USS Ohio, USS Virginia, USS Georgia, USS New Jersey, USS Louisiana, USS Connecticut, USS Kentucky, USS Vermont, USS Kansas, and USS Minnesota. These were supported by a Torpedo Flotilla of seven destroyers and five fleet auxiliaries. Departing the Chesapeake on December 16, 1907, the fleet steamed past the presidential yacht Mayflower as they left Hampton Roads. Flying his flag from Connecticut, Evans announced that the fleet would be returning home via the Pacific and circumnavigating the globe. While it is unclear whether this information was leaked from the fleet or became public after the ships arrival on the West Coast, it was not met with universal approval. While some were concerned that the nations Atlantic naval defenses would be weakened by the fleets prolonged absence, others were concerned about the cost. Senator Eugene Hale, the chairman of the Senate Naval Appropriation Committee, threatened to cut the fleets funding. To the Pacific Responding in typical fashion, Roosevelt replied that he already had the money and dared Congressional leaders to try and get it back. While the leaders wrangled in Washington, Evans and his fleet continued with their voyage. On December 23, 1907, they made their first port call at Trinidad before pressing on to Rio de Janeiro. En route, the men conducted the usual Crossing the Line ceremonies to initiate those sailors who had never crossed the Equator. Arriving in Rio on January 12, 1908, the port call proved eventful as Evans suffered an attack of gout and several sailors became involved in a bar fight. Departing Rio, Evans steered for the Straits of Magellan and the Pacific. Entering the straits, the ships made a brief call at Punta Arenas before transiting the dangerous passage without incident. Reaching Callao, Peru on February 20, the men enjoyed a nine-day celebration in honor of George Washingtons birthday. Moving on, the fleet paused for one month at Magdalena Bay, Baja California for gunnery practice. With this complete, Evans moved up the West Coast making stops at San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. Across the Pacific While in port at San Francisco, Evans health continued to worsen and command of the fleet passed to Rear Admiral Charles Sperry. While the men were treated as royalty in San Francisco, some elements of the fleet traveled north to Washington, before the fleet reassembled on July 7. Before departing, Maine and Alabama were replaced by USS Nebraska and USS Wisconsin due to their high fuel consumption. In addition, the Torpedo Flotilla was detached. Steaming into the Pacific, Sperry took the fleet to Honolulu for a six-day stop before proceeding on to Auckland, New Zealand. Entering port on August 9, the men were regaled with parties and warmly received. Pushing on to Australia, the fleet made stops at Sydney and Melbourne and was met with great acclaim. Steaming north, Sperry reached Manila on October 2, however liberty was not granted due to a cholera epidemic. Departing for Japan eight days later, the fleet endured a severe typhoon off Formosa before reaching Yokohama on October 18. Due to the diplomatic situation, Sperry limited liberty to those sailors with exemplary records with the goal of preventing any incidents. Greeted with exceptional hospitality, Sperry and his officers were housed at the Emperors Palace and the famed Imperial Hotel. In port for a week, the men of the fleet were treated to constant parties and celebrations, including one hosted by famed Admiral Togo Heihachiro. During the visit, no incidents occurred and the goal of bolstering good will between the two nations was achieved. The Voyage Home Dividing his fleet in two, Sperry departed Yokohama on October 25, with half heading for a visit to Amoy, China and the other to the Philippines for gunnery practice. After a brief call in Amoy, the detached ships sailed for Manila where they rejoined the fleet for maneuvers. Preparing to head for home, the Great White Fleet departed Manila on December 1 and made a week-long stop at Colombo, Ceylon before reaching the Suez Canal on January 3, 1909. While coaling at Port Said, Sperry was alerted to a severe earthquake at Messina, Sicily. Dispatching Connecticut and Illinois to provide aid, the rest of the fleet divided to make calls around the Mediterranean. Regrouping on February 6, Sperry made final port call at Gibraltar before entering the Atlantic and setting a course for Hampton Roads. Reaching home on February 22, the fleet was met by Roosevelt aboard Mayflower and cheering crowds ashore. Lasting fourteen months, the cruise aided in the conclusion of the Root-Takahira Agreement between the United States and Japan and demonstrated that modern battleships were capable of long journeys without significant mechanical breakdowns. In addition, the voyage led to several changes in ship design including the elimination of guns near the waterline, the removal of old-style fighting tops, as well as improvements to ventilation systems and crew housing. Operationally, the voyage provided thorough sea training for both the officers and men and led to improvements in coal economy, formation steaming, and gunnery. As a final recommendation, Sperry suggested that the US Navy change the color of its ships from white to gray. While this had been advocated for some time, it was put into effect after the fleets return.

Ornament and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ornament and Architecture - Essay Example The origin of architectural ornamentation can be traced back to the 19th century when classical design is said to have reached its peak in the U.S in what is popularly known as the the American Renaissance. What was evident on the architectural pieces at the time is that they had a style that was commonly used by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio in the first century B.C. What is notable in Vitruvius work and those who heed to his records regarding the classical style, design and ornamentation is that they were based on imitations (Polio 56). Furthermore, the technology applied during this time followed strict rules, which did not give room for innovation since preconception hindered harmonious ornamentation. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), like Vitruvius, is another architect who influenced a lot artwork during the American Renaissance. He considered ornament as something applied or added. In fact, he defined ornament as a type of additional light that was aimed at complementing beauty (Alberti 7). I believe, from this definition, that beauty is something inherent in property, which is supposed to be manifested in the body of a beautiful, whereas ornament instead of being inherent is added or attached to a piece. Alberti argues that beauty is found in nature and may be the main reason for building. Nevertheless, several questions arise from Alberti’s argument because ornamentation is done on the whole work and is part of the whole. Therefore, it is not reasonable for him to have thought that beauty and ornament were separate. Furthermore, it is not reasonable to say that an attached or added ornament is beautiful. Ornamentation of a building is supposed to enhance beauty. Louis Sullivan was the first architect to have understood that ornamentation of a building is essential in enhancing beauty. His works mainly centered on creating an architectural works dependent on context of the project, with integral ornamentation. Sullivan focused mainly on principle of design rather than preconceived rules. He mainly believed in the principle â€Å"form ever follows function† (Dorra 111). From this principle, Sullivan made attempts to fuse his naturalistic ornament with the building’s structure as was seen in Wainwright Building at Saint Louis, Missouri (1890-91) (Dor ra 112). The building is a classical example showing how Sullivan used naturalistic orna